{"id":423,"date":"2018-08-26T16:20:48","date_gmt":"2018-08-26T14:20:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/?p=423"},"modified":"2021-02-04T18:11:46","modified_gmt":"2021-02-04T17:11:46","slug":"circonscrire-un-polygone-la-constante-de-kasner-newman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2018\/08\/26\/circonscrire-un-polygone-la-constante-de-kasner-newman\/","title":{"rendered":"Circonscrire un polygone : la constante de Kasner-Newman"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans les ann\u00e9es 1940, les math\u00e9maticiens Edward Kasner et James Roy Newman d\u00e9couvrirent une constante :<br>\\[ R=\\frac{1}{\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{3}\\right)\\times\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{4}\\right)\\times\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{5}\\right)\\times\\cdots} \\]<br>que l&rsquo;on peut aussi \u00e9crire : \\[ R=\\prod_{n\\geq3}\\frac{1}{\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{n}\\right)}.\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ils d\u00e9couvrirent cette constante de la mani\u00e8re suivante : on construit successivement :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>un cercle de rayon <em>r<\/em>;<\/li><li>le triangle \u00e9quilat\u00e9ral circonscrit \u00e0 ce cercle;<\/li><li>le cercle circonscrit au triangle \u00e9quilat\u00e9ral;<\/li><li>le carr\u00e9 circonscrit au dernier cercle;<\/li><li>le cercle circonscrit au carr\u00e9;<\/li><li>le pentagone r\u00e9gulier circonscrit au dernier cercle;<\/li><li>le cercle circonscrit au pentagone;<\/li><li>l&rsquo;hexagone circonscrit au dernier cercle;<\/li><li>etc.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En observant le rayon des cercles, on s&rsquo;aper\u00e7oit que l&rsquo;on se rapproche de plus en plus d&rsquo;une valeur proportionnelle \u00e0 <em>R<\/em>&nbsp;(d\u00e9finie pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Au menu sur cette page...<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2018\/08\/26\/circonscrire-un-polygone-la-constante-de-kasner-newman\/#Etape_1\" >\u00c9tape 1<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2018\/08\/26\/circonscrire-un-polygone-la-constante-de-kasner-newman\/#Etape_2\" >\u00c9tape 2<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2018\/08\/26\/circonscrire-un-polygone-la-constante-de-kasner-newman\/#Etape_3\" >\u00c9tape 3<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2018\/08\/26\/circonscrire-un-polygone-la-constante-de-kasner-newman\/#Relation_de_recurrence\" >Relation de r\u00e9currence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2018\/08\/26\/circonscrire-un-polygone-la-constante-de-kasner-newman\/#Convergence\" >Convergence<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Etape_1\"><\/span>\u00c9tape 1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Appelons \\(r_0=r\\) le rayon du premier cercle et \\(r_1\\) celui du cercle circonscrit au triangle \u00e9quilat\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alors,&nbsp;\\[r_1= 2r.\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En effet, le centre d&rsquo;un cercle inscrit dans un triangle \u00e9quilat\u00e9ral est le centre de gravit\u00e9, qui se trouve aux deux tiers de la m\u00e9diane en partant du sommet, et ce centre est confondu avec le centre du cercle circonscrit au triangle \u00e9quilat\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/constante-kasner-newman-01.png\" data-fancybox=\"gallery\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"298\" height=\"279\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/constante-kasner-newman-01.png\" alt=\"constante-kasner-newman-01\" class=\"wp-image-424\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Etape_2\"><\/span>\u00c9tape 2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Appelons \\(r_2\\) le rayon du 3\u00e8me cercle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On a alors : \\[r_2=r_1\\sqrt{2}\\;,\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire :&nbsp;\\[r_2=2\\sqrt{2}r.\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/constante-kasner-newman-02.png\" data-fancybox=\"gallery\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"273\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/constante-kasner-newman-02-300x273.png\" alt=\"constante-kasner-newman-02\" class=\"wp-image-425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/constante-kasner-newman-02-300x273.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/constante-kasner-newman-02.png 327w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Etape_3\"><\/span>\u00c9tape 3<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le pentagone r\u00e9gulier est form\u00e9 de 5 triangles isoc\u00e8les de sommets principaux le centre du cercle initial. Donc l&rsquo;angle au sommet principal dans un de ces triangles isoc\u00e8les est \u00e9gal \u00e0 :&nbsp;\\[\\frac{360}{5}=72^\\circ.\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans un de ces triangles isoc\u00e8les, la hauteur issue du sommet principal forme deux triangles rectangles identiques dont deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s mesurent \\(r_2\\) (un des c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l&rsquo;angle droit), \\(r_3\\) (l&rsquo;hypot\u00e9nuse), et avec un angle de \\(\\displaystyle\\frac{72^\\circ}{2}=36^\\circ\\).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/constante-kasner-newman-03.png\" data-fancybox=\"gallery\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"268\" height=\"273\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/constante-kasner-newman-03.png\" alt=\"constante-kasner-newman-03\" class=\"wp-image-426\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans ce triangle rectangle, on a :&nbsp;\\[\\cos\\left(36^\\circ\\right)=\\frac{r_2}{r_3}\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">d&rsquo;o\u00f9, en transformant \\(36^\\circ\\) en radians :&nbsp;\\[\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{5}\\right)=\\frac{r_2}{r_3}\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">soit :&nbsp;\\[ r_3=\\frac{r_2}{\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{5}\\right)}=\\frac{2\\sqrt{2}r}{\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{5}\\right)}.&nbsp;\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Or,&nbsp;\\[&nbsp;\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{4}\\right)=\\frac{\\sqrt{2}}{2}=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}\\qquad\\text{et}\\qquad\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{3}\\right)=\\frac{1}{2}\\;,&nbsp;\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">d&rsquo;o\u00f9 :&nbsp;\\[ r_3=\\frac{r}{\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{3}\\right)\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{4}\\right)\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{5}\\right)}.&nbsp;\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relation_de_recurrence\"><\/span>Relation de r\u00e9currence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nous le voyons aux \u00e9tapes pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes, il s&rsquo;agit, connaissant \\(r_n\\), de d\u00e9terminer \\(r_{n+1}\\), la distance du centre du polygone r\u00e9gulier \u00e0 <em>n<\/em>+3 c\u00f4t\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;un de ses sommets. On utilise la m\u00eame technique qu&rsquo;\u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tape 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L&rsquo;angle au centre mesure \\(\\displaystyle\\frac{2\\pi}{n+3}\\) donc, en tra\u00e7ant la hauteur issue du sommet principal du triangle isoc\u00e8le, on forme un triangle rectangle d&rsquo;hypot\u00e9nuse \\(r_{n+1}\\) et de c\u00f4t\u00e9 \\(r_n\\).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On a alors :&nbsp;\\[&nbsp;\\cos\\frac{\\pi}{n+3}=\\frac{r_n}{r_{n+1}}\\;,&nbsp;\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">soit :&nbsp;\\[&nbsp;r_{n+1}=\\frac{r_n}{\\cos\\frac{\\pi}{n+3}}.&nbsp;\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On d\u00e9duit de cette relation de r\u00e9currence l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 : \\[ r_n=r\\prod_{k=3}^{n+2}\\frac{1}{\\cos\\frac{\\pi}{k}}. \\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Convergence\"><\/span>Convergence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c9tudions :&nbsp;\\[ \\lim\\limits_{n\\to+\\infty}\\prod_{k=3}^{n+2}\\frac{1}{\\cos\\frac{\\pi}{k}}.&nbsp;\\]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Posons \\(g(x)=\\cos(x) -\\left(1 &#8211; \\frac{x^2}{2}\\right)\\). Alors, sa d\u00e9riv\u00e9e vaut: $$g'(x) = &#8211; \\sin(x) + x &gt; 0 \\quad \\forall x &gt; 0.$$ Ainsi, <em>g<\/em> est croissante. De plus, <em>g<\/em>(0)=0 donc \\(g(x)\\geq0\\) pour tout r\u00e9el <em>x<\/em> strictement positif. D&rsquo;o\u00f9, pour tout r\u00e9el <em>x<\/em> strictement positif:\\[\\cos(x)\\geq1-\\frac{x^2}{2}.\\]Ainsi :<br>$$ \\cos(x_1) \\cos(x_2) &gt; \\left(1 &#8211; \\frac{x_1^2}{2}\\right)\\left (1 &#8211; \\frac{x_2^2}{2}\\right)$$ soit: $$ \\forall (x_1;x_2)\\in(\\mathbb{R}_+)^2,\\quad \\cos(x_1) \\cos(x_2) &gt; 1 &#8211; \\frac{x_1^2}{2} &#8211; \\frac{x_2^2}{2}.$$ Par r\u00e9currence, on en d\u00e9duit alors que: $$ \\cos(x_1) \\cos(x_2)\\cos(x_3)\\ldots &gt; 1 &#8211; \\frac{x_1^2}{2} &#8211; \\frac{x_2^2}{2}-\\frac{x_3^2}{2} &#8211; \\cdots $$On en d\u00e9duit alors: $$\\prod_{n \\geq 6}{\\cos({\\pi \\over n})} &gt; 1 &#8211; {\\pi^2 \\over 2} \\sum_{n \\geq 6} {1 \\over n^2} = 1 &#8211; {\\pi^2 \\over 2}\\left ({\\pi^2 \\over 6} &#8211; \\sum_{n \\leq 5} {1 \\over n^2}\\right) \\approx 0.105\u2026 &gt; 0. $$ Or, $$ \\frac{1}{R} = \\prod_{n=3}^5\\cos\\frac{\\pi}{n} \\times \\prod_{n\\geq6}\\cos\\frac{\\pi}{n}.$$ Donc \\(R &lt; \\infty\\) car les deux facteurs sont finis et non nuls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">Remarque : nous avons ici utilis\u00e9 le fait que: $$\\prod_{n\\geq1}\\frac{1}{n^2}=\\frac{\\pi^2}{6}.$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ainsi, malgr\u00e9 les <em>a priori<\/em> que l&rsquo;on pourrait avoir, les cercles ont un rayon-limite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour trouver une valeur approch\u00e9e \u00e0 \\(10^{-4}\\) pr\u00e8s de ce rayon-limite, en consid\u00e9rant que <em>r&nbsp;<\/em>= 1 est le rayon du 1er cercle, utilisons Algobox. On arrive alors \u00e0 une valeur approch\u00e9e de <em>R<\/em>&nbsp;d\u00e9finie en introduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/algo1.png\" data-fancybox=\"gallery\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"254\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/algo1-254x300.png\" alt=\"algobox 01\" class=\"wp-image-427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/algo1-254x300.png 254w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/algo1-300x355.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/algo1.png 355w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/algo2.png\" data-fancybox=\"gallery\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"164\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/algo2-300x164.png\" alt=\"algobox 02\" class=\"wp-image-428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/algo2-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/algo2.png 440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En Python, cela donne:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"dracula\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">from math import pi, cos\np, n, d = 0.5, 3, 10\nwhile (abs(p-d)) > 10**(-5):\n    n += 1\n    d = p\n    p = p * cos(pi\/n)\n    print(\"Le produit est \u00e9gal \u00e0 {} pour n = {}\".format(p,n))\nprint(\"Donc R = {}\".format(1\/p))<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dans les ann\u00e9es 1940, les math\u00e9maticiens Edward Kasner et James Roy Newman d\u00e9couvrirent une constante :\\[ R=\\frac{1}{\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{3}\\right)\\times\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{4}\\right)\\times\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{5}\\right)\\times\\cdots} \\]que l&rsquo;on peut aussi \u00e9crire : \\[ R=\\prod_{n\\geq3}\\frac{1}{\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{n}\\right)}.\\] Ils d\u00e9couvrirent cette constante de la mani\u00e8re suivante : on construit successivement : un cercle de rayon r; le triangle \u00e9quilat\u00e9ral circonscrit \u00e0 ce cercle; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[30,29,28],"class_list":["post-423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mathematiques","tag-constante","tag-limite","tag-suite"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - 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