{"id":8780,"date":"2023-08-29T15:30:08","date_gmt":"2023-08-29T13:30:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/?p=8780"},"modified":"2023-08-29T15:31:58","modified_gmt":"2023-08-29T13:31:58","slug":"nuage-de-mots-en-python","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2023\/08\/29\/nuage-de-mots-en-python\/","title":{"rendered":"Nuage de mots en Python"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Il existe plusieurs mani\u00e8res de cr\u00e9er un nuage de mots en Python. Tout d\u00e9pend de se que l&rsquo;on veut. Nous allons en discuter ici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_87_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Au menu sur cette page...<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2023\/08\/29\/nuage-de-mots-en-python\/#Nuage_de_mots_en_Python_le_module_wordcloud\" >Nuage de mots en Python: le module wordcloud<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2023\/08\/29\/nuage-de-mots-en-python\/#Exemple_1_dutilisation_de_WordCloud_nuage_de_mots_en_Python\" >Exemple 1 d&rsquo;utilisation de WordCloud: nuage de mots en Python<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2023\/08\/29\/nuage-de-mots-en-python\/#Exemple_2_dutilisation_de_WordCloud_exclusion_de_mots\" >Exemple 2 d&rsquo;utilisation de WordCloud: exclusion de mots<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2023\/08\/29\/nuage-de-mots-en-python\/#Exemple_3_dutilisation_de_WordCloud_donner_une_forme_au_nuage\" >Exemple 3 d&rsquo;utilisation de WordCloud: donner une forme au nuage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2023\/08\/29\/nuage-de-mots-en-python\/#Exemple_4_dutilisation_de_WordCloud_maitrise_des_couleurs\" >Exemple 4 d&rsquo;utilisation de WordCloud: ma\u00eetrise des couleurs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2023\/08\/29\/nuage-de-mots-en-python\/#Implementer_son_propre_nuage_de_mots_en_Python\" >Impl\u00e9menter son propre nuage de mots en Python<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2023\/08\/29\/nuage-de-mots-en-python\/#Preliminaires\" >Pr\u00e9liminaires<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2023\/08\/29\/nuage-de-mots-en-python\/#Compter_les_mots_dans_une_chaine_de_caracteres\" >Compter les mots dans une cha\u00eene de caract\u00e8res<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2023\/08\/29\/nuage-de-mots-en-python\/#Calculer_les_dimensions_dun_mot\" >Calculer les dimensions d&rsquo;un mot<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/2023\/08\/29\/nuage-de-mots-en-python\/#Creation_du_nuage_de_mots\" >Cr\u00e9ation du nuage de mots<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nuage_de_mots_en_Python_le_module_wordcloud\"><\/span>Nuage de mots en Python: le module wordcloud<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Si vous aimez les solutions cl\u00e9 en main, le module <em>wordcloud<\/em> est fait pour vous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">En effet, il vous offrira la possibilit\u00e9 de cr\u00e9er un nuage de mots tr\u00e8s rapidement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Dans cet article, je vais utiliser un fichier texte nomm\u00e9 tout simplement \u00ab\u00a0texte.txt\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Exemple_1_dutilisation_de_WordCloud_nuage_de_mots_en_Python\"><\/span>Exemple 1 d&rsquo;utilisation de WordCloud: nuage de mots en Python<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"dracula\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">from wordcloud import WordCloud\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n\nFichier = open('texte.txt', 'r' , encoding='utf-8')\ntexte = Fichier.read()\nFichier.close()\n\nwordcloud = WordCloud(background_color = 'white', max_words = 50).generate(texte)\nplt.imshow(wordcloud)\nplt.axis(\"off\")\nplt.show()<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;utilisation la plus basique:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>On lit le fichier, contenant un texte quelconque;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>on construit un nuage de mots \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de la fonction WordCloud<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On affiche le nuage de mots \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de matplotlib<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Et cela donne:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image.png\" data-fancybox=\"gallery\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"164\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-300x164.png\" alt=\"nuage de mots Python\" class=\"wp-image-8781\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image.png 506w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Force est de constater que le r\u00e9sultat est brut: dans la langue fran\u00e7aise, beaucoup de mots sont r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s (articles, pr\u00e9position, etc.). Il faut donc, pour que le nuage de mots soit optimal, ignorer ces mots: on utilise l&rsquo;option \u00ab\u00a0stopwords\u00a0\u00bb de la fonction WordCloud:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Exemple_2_dutilisation_de_WordCloud_exclusion_de_mots\"><\/span>Exemple 2 d&rsquo;utilisation de WordCloud: exclusion de mots<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"dracula\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">from wordcloud import WordCloud\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n\nFichier = open('texte.txt', 'r' , encoding='utf-8')\ntexte = Fichier.read()\nFichier.close()\n\nmots_exclus = ['d', 'du', 'de', 'la', 'des', 'le', 'et', 'est', 'elle', 'une', 'en', 'que', 'aux', 'qui', 'ces', 'les', 'dans', 'sur', 'l', 'un', 'pour', 'par', 'il', 'ou', '\u00e0', 'ce', 'a', 'sont', 'cas', 'plus', 'leur', 'se', 's', 'vous', 'au', 'c', 'aussi', 'toutes', 'autre', 'comme']\nwordcloud = WordCloud(background_color = 'white', stopwords = mots_exclus, max_words = 50).generate(texte)\n\nplt.imshow(wordcloud)\nplt.axis(\"off\")\nplt.show()<\/pre>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"166\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-1-300x166.png\" alt=\"nuage de mots en Python avec exclusion de mots\" class=\"wp-image-8782\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-1-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-1.png 531w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est d\u00e9j\u00e0 nettement mieux: seuls les mots importants du texte sont retenus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Exemple_3_dutilisation_de_WordCloud_donner_une_forme_au_nuage\"><\/span>Exemple 3 d&rsquo;utilisation de WordCloud: donner une forme au nuage<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Maintenant, si l&rsquo;on veut mettre un peu de fun dans ce nuage, on peut lui donner une forme pr\u00e9d\u00e9termin\u00e9e. Par exemple, \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de l&rsquo;image suivante:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"262\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/coeur-300x262.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8783\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/coeur-300x262.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/coeur.png 534w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">on peut donner une forme de c\u0153ur \u00e0 notre nuage:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"dracula\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">from wordcloud import WordCloud\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport numpy as np\nfrom PIL import Image\n\nFichier = open('texte.txt', 'r' , encoding='utf-8')\ntexte = Fichier.read()\nFichier.close()\n\nmask = np.array(Image.open(\"coeur.png\"))\nmask[mask == 1] = 255\n\nmots_exclus = ['d', 'du', 'de', 'la', 'des', 'le', 'et', 'est', 'elle', 'une', 'en', 'que', 'aux', 'qui', 'ces', 'les', 'dans', 'sur', 'l', 'un', 'pour', 'par', 'il', 'ou', '\u00e0', 'ce', 'a', 'sont', 'cas', 'plus', 'leur', 'se', 's', 'vous', 'au', 'c', 'aussi', 'toutes', 'autre', 'comme']\nwordcloud = WordCloud(background_color = 'white', stopwords = mots_exclus, max_words = 50, mask = mask).generate(texte)\n\nplt.imshow(wordcloud)\nplt.axis(\"off\")\nplt.show()<\/pre>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-2.png\" data-fancybox=\"gallery\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-2-300x260.png\" alt=\"nuage de mots en forme de c\u0153ur avec Python\" class=\"wp-image-8784\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-2-300x260.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-2.png 484w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Ce qui se passe ici, c&rsquo;est que Numpy convertit notre image en tableau num\u00e9rique, en matrice. Le nuage de mots est alors imagin\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de cette matrice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Exemple_4_dutilisation_de_WordCloud_maitrise_des_couleurs\"><\/span>Exemple 4 d&rsquo;utilisation de WordCloud: ma\u00eetrise des couleurs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Si vous souhaitez que les couleurs restent par exemple dans une teinte bleue, on peut faire comme ceci:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"dracula\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">from wordcloud import WordCloud\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport numpy as np\nfrom PIL import Image\nfrom random import randint\n\ndef couleur(*args, **kwargs):\n    return \"rgb(0, 100, {})\".format(randint(100, 255))\n\nFichier = open('texte.txt', 'r' , encoding='utf-8')\ntexte = Fichier.read()\nFichier.close()\n\nmask = np.array(Image.open(\"coeur.png\"))\nmask[mask == 1] = 255\n\nmots_exclus = ['d', 'du', 'de', 'la', 'des', 'le', 'et', 'est', 'elle', 'une', 'en', 'que', 'aux', 'qui', 'ces', 'les', 'dans', 'sur', 'l', 'un', 'pour', 'par', 'il', 'ou', '\u00e0', 'ce', 'a', 'sont', 'cas', 'plus', 'leur', 'se', 's', 'vous', 'au', 'c', 'aussi', 'toutes', 'autre', 'comme']\nwordcloud = WordCloud(background_color = 'white', stopwords = mots_exclus, max_words = 50, mask = mask).generate(texte)\n\nplt.imshow(wordcloud.recolor(color_func = couleur))\nplt.axis(\"off\")\nplt.show()<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"255\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-4-300x255.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8786\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-4-300x255.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-4.png 464w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00ab\u00a0rgb(255, 0, {})\u00a0\u00bb.format(randint(100, 255))<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"253\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-3-300x253.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8785\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-3-300x253.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-3.png 462w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00ab\u00a0rgb(0, 100, {})\u00a0\u00bb.format(randint(100, 255))<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-5-300x256.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8787\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-5-300x256.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-5.png 486w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00ab\u00a0rgb(110, {}, 100)\u00a0\u00bb.format(randint(100, 255))<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Implementer_son_propre_nuage_de_mots_en_Python\"><\/span>Impl\u00e9menter son propre nuage de mots en Python<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Ce que fait wordcloud, c&rsquo;est bien beau, mais cela peut ne pas convenir \u00e0 certaines personnes. Me concernant, je n&rsquo;aime pas trop les mots \u00e9crits verticalement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Je vais donc \u00e9crire ma propre fonction dont le cahier des charges sera simple:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>la fonction devra s&rsquo;appeler nuage et prendra pour arguments: un nom de fichier dans lequel se trouve un texte, un 2-uplet (w,h) repr\u00e9sentant la largeur et la hauteur de l&rsquo;image \u00e0 produire;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la taille maximale d&rsquo;un mot (en pixel) devra \u00eatre \u00e9gale au cinqui\u00e8me du minimum des dimensions de l&rsquo;image (min(w,h));<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la taille de chaque mot devra \u00eatre proportionnelle \u00e0 son poids (le nombre d&rsquo;occurrences du mot)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Allez! C&rsquo;est parti!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Preliminaires\"><\/span>Pr\u00e9liminaires<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Compter_les_mots_dans_une_chaine_de_caracteres\"><\/span>Compter les mots dans une cha\u00eene de caract\u00e8res<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Je vais d&rsquo;abord cr\u00e9er une fonction prenant en argument un texte, et qui retourne un dictionnaire contenant les mots du texte ainsi que leurs occurrences dans le texte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"dracula\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">def create_dic(texte):\n    D = {}\n    P = [ \"'\" , \".\" , \";\" , \",\" , \":\" , \"!\" , \"?\" , \"(\" , \")\" , \"&amp;\" , \"%\" ]\n    for i in P:\n        texte = texte.replace(i,\" \")\n        \n    T = [ i.lower() for i in texte.split() if len(i) >= 2 ]\n        \n    for i in T:\n        if i not in D:\n            D[i] = T.count(i)\n    \n    return D<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Je choisis d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment d&rsquo;exclure les ponctuations et autres glyphes (qui ne sont pas des mots).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Calculer_les_dimensions_dun_mot\"><\/span>Calculer les dimensions d&rsquo;un mot<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Je vais ici reprendre un code trouv\u00e9 sur Stackoverflow:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"dracula\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">def get_text_dimensions(text_string, font):\n    # https:\/\/stackoverflow.com\/a\/46220683\/9263761\n    ascent, descent = font.getmetrics()\n\n    text_width = font.getmask(text_string).getbbox()[2]\n    text_height = font.getmask(text_string).getbbox()[3] + descent\n\n    return (text_width, text_height)<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Cette fonction permet de retourner les dimensions d&rsquo;un mot (en pixels) sachant la taille de la fonte utilis\u00e9e. Ce sera bien utile pour ins\u00e9rer le mot dans l&rsquo;image-nuage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Creation_du_nuage_de_mots\"><\/span>Cr\u00e9ation du nuage de mots<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"dracula\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">def nuage( fichier , size ):\n    Fichier = open(fichier, 'r' , encoding='utf-8')\n    texte = Fichier.read()\n    Fichier.close()\n    \n    exclusion = ['du', 'de', 'la', 'des', 'le', 'et', 'est', 'elle', 'une', 'en', 'que', 'aux', 'qui', 'ces', 'les', 'dans', 'sur', 'un', 'pour', 'par', 'il', 'ou', 'ce', 'sont', 'cas', 'plus', 'leur', 'se', 'vous', 'au', 'aussi', 'toutes', 'autre', 'comme']\n    \n    mots = create_dic(texte)\n\n    max_size = min(size[0],size[1])\/\/3 # taille maximale d'un mot\n    w,h = size[0], size[1]\n\n    cloud = Image.new(\"RGB\", (w, h), 'white')\n    d = ImageDraw.Draw(cloud)\n\n    m = max( [ value for key, value in mots.items() ] )\n\n    for key, value in sorted( mots.items() , key = lambda x:x[1]):\n        if key not in exclusion:\n            fontsize = int(max_size*value\/m)\n            font = ImageFont.truetype(\"arial.ttf\", fontsize)\n            x_max = w - get_text_dimensions(key,font)[0] - 20\n            y_max = h - get_text_dimensions(key,font)[1] - 20\n        \n            x, y = randint(20,x_max) , randint(20,y_max)\n        \n            d.text((x, y), key ,font=font, fill=(randint(1,255), randint(1,255), randint(1,255)))\n\n    cloud.show()<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce qui donne, pour le m\u00eame texte que pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-6.png\" data-fancybox=\"gallery\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"298\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-6-298x300.png\" alt=\"nuage de mots en Python\" class=\"wp-image-8788\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-6-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-6-160x160.png 160w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-6-600x603.png 600w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-6-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-6.png 728w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Ouais, c&rsquo;est vrai, c&rsquo;est moins beau que le r\u00e9sultat fournit par wordcloud&#8230; mais tellement plus repr\u00e9sentatif! <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">En effet, on voit clairement ici que les mots \u00ab\u00a0donn\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0data\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0science\u00a0\u00bb sont pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rants par rapport aux autres, ce qui est bien le r\u00f4le d&rsquo;un nuage de mots non ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Si maintenant on souhaite y voir un peu plus, on peut exclure ces trois mots. Il me faut changer alors l\u00e9g\u00e8rement le code:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"dracula\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont\nfrom random import randint\n\ndef get_text_dimensions(text_string, font):\n    # https:\/\/stackoverflow.com\/a\/46220683\/9263761\n    ascent, descent = font.getmetrics()\n\n    text_width = font.getmask(text_string).getbbox()[2]\n    text_height = font.getmask(text_string).getbbox()[3] + descent\n\n    return (text_width, text_height)\n\ndef create_dic(texte, exclusion):\n    D = {}\n    P = [ \"'\" , \".\" , \";\" , \",\" , \":\" , \"!\" , \"?\" , \"(\" , \")\" , \"&amp;\" , \"%\"]\n    for i in P:\n        texte = texte.replace(i,\" \")\n        \n    T = [ i.lower() for i in texte.split() if len(i) >= 2 and i not in exclusion ]\n        \n    for i in T:\n        if i not in D:\n            D[i] = T.count(i)\n    \n    return D\n                \n\ndef nuage( fichier , size ):\n    Fichier = open(fichier, 'r' , encoding='utf-8')\n    texte = Fichier.read()\n    Fichier.close()\n    \n    exclusion = [ 'data', 'science' , 'donn\u00e9es', 'du', 'de', 'la', 'des', 'le', 'et', 'est', 'elle', 'une', 'en', 'que', 'aux', 'qui', 'ces', 'les', 'dans', 'sur', 'un', 'pour', 'par', 'il', 'ou', 'ce', 'sont', 'cas', 'plus', 'leur', 'se', 'vous', 'au', 'aussi', 'toutes', 'autre', 'comme']\n    \n    mots = create_dic(texte , exclusion)\n\n    max_size = min(size[0],size[1])\/\/3 # taille maximale d'un mot\n    w,h = size[0], size[1]\n\n    cloud = Image.new(\"RGB\", (w, h), 'white')\n    d = ImageDraw.Draw(cloud)\n\n    m = max( [ value for key, value in mots.items() ] )\n\n    for key, value in sorted( mots.items() , key = lambda x:x[1]):\n        if key not in exclusion:\n            fontsize = int(max_size*value\/m)\n            font = ImageFont.truetype(\"arial.ttf\", fontsize)\n            x_max = w - get_text_dimensions(key,font)[0] - 20\n            y_max = h - get_text_dimensions(key,font)[1] - 20\n        \n            x, y = randint(20,x_max) , randint(20,y_max)\n        \n            d.text((x, y), key ,font=font, fill=(randint(1,255), randint(1,255), randint(1,255)))\n\n    cloud.show()\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n        nuage( 'texte.txt' , (500,500) )<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cela donne, pour notre exemple:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-7.png\" data-fancybox=\"gallery\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"297\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-7-300x297.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8789\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-7-300x297.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-7-600x594.png 600w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-7-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-7-768x760.png 768w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-7.png 875w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">On peut trouver qu&rsquo;il y a trop de mots et vouloir limiter le nombre de mots \u00e0 50 (par exemple). On peut alors introduire un param\u00e8tre:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"dracula\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">def nuage( fichier , size , MAX_COUNTER = 50):\n    Fichier = open(fichier, 'r' , encoding='utf-8')\n    texte = Fichier.read()\n    Fichier.close()\n    \n    counter = 0\n    \n    exclusion = [ 'data', 'science' , 'donn\u00e9es', 'du', 'de', 'la', 'des', 'le', 'et', 'est', 'elle', 'une', 'en', 'que', 'aux', 'qui', 'ces', 'les', 'dans', 'sur', 'un', 'pour', 'par', 'il', 'ou', 'ce', 'sont', 'cas', 'plus', 'leur', 'se', 'vous', 'au', 'aussi', 'toutes', 'autre', 'comme']\n    \n    mots = create_dic(texte , exclusion)\n\n    max_size = min(size[0],size[1])\/\/3 # taille maximale d'un mot\n    w,h = size[0], size[1]\n\n    cloud = Image.new(\"RGB\", (w, h), 'white')\n    d = ImageDraw.Draw(cloud)\n\n    m = max( [ value for key, value in mots.items() ] )\n\n    for key, value in sorted( mots.items() , key = lambda x:x[1] , reverse=True):\n        if key not in exclusion and counter &lt;= MAX_COUNTER:\n            fontsize = int(max_size*value\/m)\n            font = ImageFont.truetype(\"arial.ttf\", fontsize)\n            x_max = w - get_text_dimensions(key,font)[0] - 20\n            y_max = h - get_text_dimensions(key,font)[1] - 20\n        \n            x, y = randint(20,x_max) , randint(20,y_max)\n        \n            d.text((x, y), key ,font=font, fill=(randint(1,255), randint(1,255), randint(1,255)))\n            counter += 1\n\n    cloud.show()<\/pre>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-8.png\" data-fancybox=\"gallery\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"298\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-8-298x300.png\" alt=\"nuage de mots en Python\" class=\"wp-image-8790\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-8-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-8-160x160.png 160w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-8-600x605.png 600w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-8-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.mathweb.fr\/euclide\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/image-8.png 726w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-Paragraph-paragraph wp-block-paragraph\">Maintenant que vous comprenez chacune des \u00e9tapes, vous pouvez modifier le code \u00e0 votre guise pour produire exactement ce que vous voulez.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Il existe plusieurs mani\u00e8res de cr\u00e9er un nuage de mots en Python. Tout d\u00e9pend de se que l&rsquo;on veut. Nous allons en discuter ici.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8791,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,5],"tags":[393],"class_list":["post-8780","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-informatique","category-python","tag-nuage"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nuage de mots en Python - Mathweb.fr<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Il existe plusieurs mani\u00e8res de cr\u00e9er un nuage de mots en Python. Tout d\u00e9pend de se que l&#039;on veut. 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